Calculate the sum of the first ~x~ positive integers.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3
10

Sample Output

6
55

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Calculate the sum of numbers from ~a~ to ~b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3 6
10 13

Sample Output

18
46

Limits

~n\le50~

~a\le b\le10^{10}~.

Calculate the sum of the first ~x~ odd numbers.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3
10

Sample Output

9
100

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Calculate the sum of the first ~x~ numbers divisible by ~k~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~x,k~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3 2
10 5

Sample Output

12
275

Limits

~n\le50~

~x,k\le10^{10}~.

Calculate the sum of the numbers divisible by ~k~ from index ~a~ to index ~b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b,k~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
1 3 2
1 10 5

Sample Output

12
275

Limits

~n\le50~

~a,b,k\le10^{10}~.

Calculate ~x!~

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3
8

Sample Output

6
40320

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le100~.

Calculate ~x!!~

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3
8

Sample Output

3
384

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le100~.

Calculate ~a \land b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0 7
5 4

Sample Output

0
4

Limits

~n\le50~

~a,b\le10^{10}~.

Calculate ~a \lor b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0 7
5 4

Sample Output

7
5

Limits

~n\le50~

~a,b\le10^{10}~.

Calculate ~a \barwedge b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0 7
5 4

Sample Output

-1
-5

Limits

~n\le50~

~a,b\le10^{10}~.

Calculate ~a \veebar b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0 7
5 4

Sample Output

7
1

Limits

~n\le50~

~a,b\le10^{10}~.

Calculate ~a⊽b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0 7
5 4

Sample Output

-8
-6

Limits

~n\le50~

~a,b\le10^{10}~.

Calculate ~\neg x~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0
5

Sample Output

-1
-6

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Convert ~x~ to binary.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0
7

Sample Output

0
111

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Convert ~x~ to octal.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0
70

Sample Output

0
106

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Convert ~x~ to hex.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0
70

Sample Output

0
46

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Convert ~x~ from base ~k~ to decimal.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~x, k~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
B 12
Z 36

Sample Output

11
35

Limits

~n\le50~

Length of ~x~ does not exceed ~100,k\le36~.

The number ~x~ contains the numbers from ~0~ to ~9~, and letters from ~A~ to ~Z~, depending on the base.

Calculate the Euclidean distance between ~2~ points ~(a_x, a_y)~ and ~(b_x, b_y)~, rounded to ~2~ digits of precision.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b,c,d~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
0 0 3 0
0 9 0 6

Sample Output

3
3

Limits

~n\le50~

~a_x,a_y,b_x,b_y\le10^{10}~.

Calculate the sum of the first ~x~ squares.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3
10

Sample Output

14
385

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Calculate the sum of the first ~x~ cubes.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3
10

Sample Output

36
3025

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le10^{10}~.

Print the first ~x~ integers.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
3
10

Sample Output

1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Limits

~n\le50~

~x\le100~.

Print the integers from ~a~ to ~b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
1 3
1 10

Sample Output

1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Limits

~n\le50~

~a\le b\le100~.

Count the integers from ~a~ to ~b~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
1 3
1 10

Sample Output

3
10

Limits

~n\le50~

~a\le b\le10^{10}~.

Count the integers from ~a~ to ~b~ divisible by ~k~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the numbers ~a,b,k~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
1 3 1
1 10 2

Sample Output

3
5

Limits

~n\le50~

~a\le b\le10^{10}~.

~k\le10^{10}~.

Given a number ~x~. Print ~|x|~.

Input

The first line contains the number ~n~. The next ~n~ lines contain the number ~x~, separated by a space character.

Output

The answer of the problem.

Sample Input

2
98765
-5346258

Sample Output

98765
5346258

Limits

~n\le50~

~|x|\le10^{10}~.